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IPv4
IP(Internet Protocol),因特网协议(网络协议,网协),口头上说的IP通常指的是IP地址。
IP地址是啥?就是字面意义,地址,听不懂我想你还是去中关村找个师傅学装机修电脑吧。
IPv4,IP协议第4版本。
下面内容均为IPv4版本。
地址格式
IPv4地址共32位比特(bit),通常8个bit为一组(8bit=1byte),4个byte。一般采用十进制表示。
wikipedia 的图片清晰明了。
地址分类
Wikipedia:
Class(类) | Leading bits(首部比特) |
Size of network number bit field(网络号位长度(掩码)) |
Size of rest bit field(主机号位长度) |
Number of networks(子网个数) |
Addresses per network(每个子网的IP地址个数) |
Total addresses in class(总共IP地址个数) |
Start address(起始地址) | End address(结束地址) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class A | 0 | 8 | 24 | 128 (27) | 16,777,216 (224) | 2,147,483,648 (231) | 0.0.0.0 | 127.255.255.255 |
Class B | 10 | 16 | 16 | 16,384 (214) | 65,536 (216) | 1,073,741,824 (230) | 128.0.0.0 | 191.255.255.255 |
Class C | 110 | 24 | 8 | 2,097,152 (221) | 256 (28) | 536,870,912 (229) | 192.0.0.0 | 223.255.255.255 |
Class D (multicast多播) | 1110 | not defined | not defined | not defined | not defined | 268,435,456 (228) | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 |
Class E (reserved保留) | 1111 | not defined | not defined | not defined | not defined | 268,435,456 (228) | 240.0.0.0 | 255.255.255.255 |
需要记住每类地址的范围,默认网络号位长度(子网掩码)。其他的东西是可变可计算的。
关于掩码之后再另外开一篇文章。
别死记硬背
Wikipedia:
- n indicates a bit used for the network ID.(网络位)
- H indicates a bit used for the host ID.(主机位)
- X indicates a bit without a specified purpose.(未定义)
Class A 0. 0. 0. 0 = 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 127.255.255.255 = 01111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 0nnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH Class B 128. 0. 0. 0 = 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 191.255.255.255 = 10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 10nnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH Class C 192. 0. 0. 0 = 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 223.255.255.255 = 11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111 110nnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH Class D 224. 0. 0. 0 = 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000 239.255.255.255 = 11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111 1110XXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX Class E 240. 0. 0. 0 = 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.255.255.255 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 1111XXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX
保留地址
Wikipedia:
Range | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|
0.0.0.0/8 | Current network (only valid as source address) | RFC 6890 |
10.0.0.0/8 | Private network (A类私有) | RFC 1918 |
100.64.0.0/10 | Shared Address Space | RFC 6598 |
127.0.0.0/8 | Loopback (本地回环) | RFC 6890 |
169.254.0.0/16 | Link-local | RFC 3927 |
172.16.0.0/12 | Private network (B类私有) | RFC 1918 |
192.0.0.0/24 | IETF Protocol Assignments | RFC 6890 |
192.0.2.0/24 | TEST-NET-1, documentation and examples | RFC 5737 |
192.88.99.0/24 | IPv6 to IPv4 relay (includes 2002::/16) | RFC 3068 |
192.168.0.0/16 | Private network (C类私有) | RFC 1918 |
198.18.0.0/15 | Network benchmark tests | RFC 2544 |
198.51.100.0/24 | TEST-NET-2, documentation and examples | RFC 5737 |
203.0.113.0/24 | TEST-NET-3, documentation and examples | RFC 5737 |
224.0.0.0/4 | IP multicast (former Class D network) | RFC 5771 |
240.0.0.0/4 | Reserved (former Class E network) | RFC 1700 |
255.255.255.255 | Broadcast (广播) | RFC 919 |
私有地址
mdzz,上面不是写了么。
Ref
IPv4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4
Classful network https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classful_network